Cholera... A severe diarrheal disease that the World Health Organization has declared a watch for!!!
What causes cholera?
Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. The significant strains that cause major outbreaks are O1 and O139. The infection is transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria, such as seafood or undercooked food, leading to severe watery diarrhea and vomiting.
What are the symptoms of cholera?
After consuming contaminated food or water, the bacteria have an incubation period of 2 hours to 5 days. The bacteria produce Cholera toxin, which stimulates the intestinal lining cells to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes, causing symptoms such as:
- Profuse watery diarrhea, with stool resembling rice water and possibly having a fishy odor
- Nausea and vomiting, often occurring at the onset of symptoms
- Dehydration symptoms, including fatigue, thirst, and dry mouth
- Fever or abdominal pain, which are less common
In severe cases, there may be low blood pressure, reduced urine output, low blood potassium, acidosis, low blood sugar, lethargy, seizures, and unconsciousness.
How is cholera diagnosed?
In addition to history and physical examination, the doctor will culture stool samples, which is the standard method for confirming the infection. Immunological tests may also be used to detect bacterial toxins.
How is cholera treated?
The main treatment is to provide adequate fluids and electrolytes to replace what the body has lost, either by drinking oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids, along with antibiotics for severe cases.
How to prevent cholera infection?
- Wash hands thoroughly before and after eating, and after using the toilet
- Drink clean water
- Eat well-cooked food and avoid raw or undercooked food
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating
- Maintain personal hygiene
Currently, there is an oral killed cholera vaccine recommended for people traveling to areas with severe cholera outbreaks. It is not for general use. The vaccine provides protection for about 2 years, and vaccinated individuals can still get infected, but the severity of the disease will be reduced.
