{"id":14777,"date":"2025-08-23T16:01:12","date_gmt":"2025-08-23T09:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.synphaet.co.th\/children-ramintra\/%e0%b9%82%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%95%e0%b9%88%e0%b8%ad%e0%b8%a1%e0%b9%84%e0%b8%a3%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%97%e0%b9%88%e0%b8%ad%e0%b9%83%e0%b8%99%e0%b9%80%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%87%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%a1%e0%b8%b5%e0%b8%ad\/"},"modified":"2025-08-29T13:46:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T06:46:08","slug":"pediatric-endocrine-system-symptoms-causes-care","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.synphaet.co.th\/children-ramintra\/en\/pediatric-endocrine-system-symptoms-causes-care\/","title":{"rendered":"Pediatric Endocrine System: Symptoms, Causes &amp; Care"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Pediatric Endocrine System: Symptoms, Causes, and Basic Care<\/h1>\n<p>A child who eats a lot but loses weight is one sign of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism).<\/p>\n<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<div style=\"position: absolute;left: 50%;height: 100%;width: 100vw\">\n<div style=\"background: #ffffff;height: 100%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"position: relative\">\n<h2 style=\"padding-top: 2rem\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"padding-bottom: 2rem\">\n<li><a href=\"#section1\">What is the endocrine system?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section2\">Key components of the endocrine system:<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section3\">Functions of the endocrine system<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section4\">Endocrine disorders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section5\">Symptoms<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section6\">Causes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section7\">Treatment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section8\">Hypothyroidism<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section9\">Precocious puberty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section10\">Impacts or adverse effects of precocious puberty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section11\">Treatment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section12\">Type 1 diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section13\">Type 2 diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section14\">Short stature: what criteria and possible causes?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#section15\">Multiple possible causes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section1\">What is the endocrine system?<\/h2>\n<p>The endocrine system is the body\u2019s network that produces and releases hormones. Hormones send signals to organs to function\u2014for example,<br \/>\nsupporting growth, regulating metabolism, controlling brain function and internal organs.<br \/>\nThis system consists of several glands working together to keep the body in balance. Understanding the endocrine system<br \/>\nis the first step toward staying healthy from childhood through adulthood.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section2\">Key components of the endocrine system:<\/h2>\n<p>The endocrine system includes several important glands:<br \/>\n&#8211; Pituitary gland: Controls other glands such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads.<br \/>\n&#8211; Thyroid gland: Regulates metabolism and growth.<br \/>\n&#8211; Adrenal glands: Produce cortisol and adrenaline to handle stress and maintain fluid\u2013electrolyte balance.<br \/>\n&#8211; Parathyroid glands: Regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.<br \/>\n&#8211; Pancreas (endocrine portion): Produces insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar.<br \/>\n&#8211; Gonads: Regulate sexual development and reproduction.<br \/>\nEach gland works together in complex ways to maintain body homeostasis.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section3\">Functions of the endocrine system<\/h2>\n<p>The endocrine system plays many key roles:<br \/>\n&#8211; Regulating growth: Pituitary and thyroid hormones support height and bone mass development in children.<br \/>\n&#8211; Controlling metabolism: Thyroid hormones drive energy expenditure and body temperature.<br \/>\n&#8211; Regulating blood sugar: Insulin and glucagon from the pancreas keep glucose in balance.<br \/>\n&#8211; Governing sexual development: Sex hormones from the gonads enable normal puberty.<br \/>\n&#8211; Responding to stress: Cortisol and adrenaline from the adrenal glands help the body cope with stress.<br \/>\nWhen the endocrine system functions normally, children grow and develop appropriately.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section4\">Endocrine disorders<\/h2>\n<p>Endocrine disorders in children can present in many forms, such as:<br \/>\n&#8211; Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism): Eating a lot with weight loss, palpitations, and sleep problems.<br \/>\n&#8211; Hypothyroidism: Short stature, slowed cognition, developmental delay.<br \/>\n&#8211; Type 1 diabetes: The pancreas produces insufficient insulin, leading to high blood sugar.<br \/>\n&#8211; Type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance, often in children with excess weight.<br \/>\n&#8211; Disorders of sex hormones: Precocious puberty or delayed sexual development.<\/p>\n<p>Causes may include genetics, autoimmune disease, nutrient deficiencies, or stress.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section5\">Symptoms<\/h2>\n<p>Goiter, easy fatigue, palpitations, increased appetite with weight loss, in some cases diarrhea and frequent stools, irritability, heat intolerance, sweating, bulging eyes.<br \/>\nMenstrual irregularities are common in adolescence and occur more often in girls than boys.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section6\">Causes<\/h2>\n<p>The most common cause is Graves\u2019 disease.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section7\">Treatment<\/h2>\n<p>First-line treatment is oral medication. If medication is ineffective or causes adverse reactions, other options may be considered, such as<br \/>\nradioactive iodine therapy or surgery.<\/p>\n<p>Without treatment\u2014or with delayed treatment\u2014symptoms may become severe, leading to heart failure or arrhythmia<br \/>\nand possible admission to the ICU.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section8\">Hypothyroidism<\/h2>\n<p>This condition may be present from birth (congenital), which can cause cretinism, or it may occur later in life\u2014thus it can be found at any age.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In newborns: jaundice, edema, poor feeding, constipation, delayed passage of meconium, delayed fontanelle closure, delayed umbilical stump separation,<br \/>\nand global developmental delay affecting cognition, height, and muscle strength.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In older children: short stature, constipation, goiter, poor academic performance. Treatment with thyroid hormone replacement<br \/>\ncan improve symptoms and height velocity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section9\">Precocious puberty<\/h2>\n<h3>Girls<\/h3>\n<p>Signs before age 8 include breast development, acne, body odor, axillary hair,<br \/>\npubic hair, and being taller than peers; some may have the first menstrual period before 9\u00bd years of age.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Causes<\/h4>\n<p>In many girls no specific cause is identified. Some may be exposed to environmental or dietary hormones,<br \/>\nand some cases are due to certain tumors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Boys<\/h3>\n<p>Signs before age 9 include enlargement of the penis and testes, acne, axillary hair,<br \/>\npubic hair, and voice deepening.<\/p>\n<h4>Causes<\/h4>\n<p>A common cause in boys is a pituitary tumor.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section10\">Impacts or adverse effects of precocious puberty<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Physical: Early closure of growth plates can result in reduced adult height (short stature).<\/li>\n<li>Psychological: Particularly in girls who may not be ready to manage menstruation and related changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section11\">Treatment<\/h2>\n<p>Treatment may involve intramuscular injections once monthly or once every three months<br \/>\nto slow bone maturation and prevent early epiphyseal closure,<br \/>\nsuppress menstruation, and preserve final height potential.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section12\">Type 1 diabetes<\/h2>\n<p>Type 1 diabetes is common in children and adolescents and is more prevalent than type 2 diabetes in this age group.<\/p>\n<p>Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Typical symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst,<br \/>\nand weight loss. If treatment is delayed and the condition progresses, children may become fatigued, drowsy, breathe deeply and rapidly,<br \/>\nand develop abdominal pain. Without treatment, shock may occur and can be life-threatening.<\/p>\n<h3>Treatment<\/h3>\n<p>Treatment requires insulin injections to maintain blood glucose within target range.<br \/>\nChildren and families need education on healthy food choices, carbohydrate counting, insulin administration,<br \/>\nself-monitoring of blood glucose, and recognizing signs of both high and low blood sugar.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section13\">Type 2 diabetes<\/h2>\n<p>Children with type 2 diabetes are often overweight, may have darkened skin on the neck, and experience frequent urination and thirst.<br \/>\nIt is commonly diagnosed around puberty.<br \/>\nSome may have perinatal risk factors such as birth weight under 2,500 g or over 4,000 g,<br \/>\nmaternal gestational diabetes, or a family history of diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance. Management includes oral medication along with diet and exercise. In advanced cases or with delayed care,<br \/>\ninjectable therapy may be required.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section14\">Short stature: what criteria and possible causes?<\/h2>\n<p>Short stature in children is defined as height below the 3rd percentile for age and sex.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"section15\">Multiple possible causes<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Short stature without underlying disease: familial short stature or a \u201clate bloomer.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Short stature due to disease: malnutrition, chronic illnesses, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency,<br \/>\nrickets, genetic disorders, and others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>***If you notice a child has short stature, consult a doctor to determine the cause through blood tests and a bone-age X-ray,<br \/>\nand begin prompt treatment based on the underlying cause.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<h3>What happens if the endocrine system malfunctions?<\/h3>\n<p>Children may show varied signs such as short stature, weight loss, weight gain, eating more yet becoming thinner, or puberty out of sync with age.<br \/>\nRegular health checkups help detect and treat problems early.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>How can we care for a healthy endocrine system?<\/h3>\n<p>Have annual checkups including hormone assessments. Eat a balanced diet with iodine, calcium, and vitamins.<br \/>\nExercise regularly. Monitor a child\u2019s growth and development, and consult a doctor promptly if abnormalities are noted.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Which endocrine glands are important?<\/h3>\n<p>Key glands include the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary, pancreas, and ovaries\/testes,<br \/>\neach with essential roles in a child\u2019s health and development.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Consult a pediatric endocrinology specialist at the Pediatric Diabetes &amp; Endocrine Center of Synphaet Hospital<br \/>\nnear you<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.synphaet.co.th\/children-ramintra\/en\/clinics\/pediatric-diabetes-endocrine\/\">Synphaet Children\u2019s Hospital<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3hv2inR\">Synphaet Hospital Ramintra<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/316MPEx\">Synphaet Hospital Lam Luk Ka<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3fo267O\">Synphaet Hospital Srinakarin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2XrtUkK\">Synphaet Hospital Seriruk<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pediatric Endocrine System: Symptoms, Causes, and Basic Care A child who eats a lot but loses weight is one sign of thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism). Table of Contents What is the endocrine system? Key components of the endocrine system: Functions of the endocrine system Endocrine disorders Symptoms Causes Treatment Hypothyroidism Precocious puberty Impacts or adverse effects of&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[125],"tags":[679,794,797,798,800,801,802,803,804],"class_list":["post-14777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sickness-treatment","tag--e","tag--en","tag--1-en","tag--2-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pediatric Endocrine System: Symptoms, Causes &amp; Care<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand the pediatric endocrine system and common disorders\u2014symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment\u2014from 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